Anderson R. The efficacy of ethnomedicine: research methods in trouble. In contrast a stable home and family was seen as an important contributor to health. Week by week pregnancy (Baby and body development, tips), Human Cardiovascular System- Organs, Functions, Diseases, Human Heart- Location, Anatomy, Structure, Functions, Cell Organelles (Plant, Animal)- Structure, Functions, Diagrams, 16 Types of Microscopes with Parts, Functions, Diagrams, Feezer L. W. (1921). Five rural communities (one from each of the five Kebeles) were included in the study. 8600 Rockville Pike We would also like to acknowledge the University of Toronto for giving the first author an opportunity to obtain advanced training in qualitative data organization and analysis during a visit to Toronto, Canada. Table 1 Filipino word/s depicting cultural beliefs and their English translation Full size table Mesfin H, Teferi G, Heather B. Social change theory was used in this paper. This level of familiarity would have increased the comfort participants felt sharing with the researchers. Only single germ is responsible for causation of a specific disease. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001. WHO. Consequently for many indigenous people, attempts to restore wellbeing through the utilization of biomedicine must include customary affirmation of the nature-spirit intercession as a feature of the recuperation process. In total, 96 people participated in focus groups. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites. The common types of diseases in Nigeria are; Malaria Malaria is a risk for 97% of Nigeria's population. Social, economic and biological factors interact to drive a vicious cycle of poverty and disease from which, for many people, there is no escape." In short, poverty is instrumental in cultivating conditions that allow disease to spread. Data obtained from observations and conversations were recorded in field notes, photographs, and audio-recordings. Witchcraft beliefs in diseases causation and health-seeking behaviour in pregnancy of women in Calabar South-Nigeria . According to the Tehuledere Woreda Information Office (TWIO), the Woreda covers an area of 45,800 ha with a population of 152,107. So if he is able to work well and come back home without any stress, he becomes healthy [Male, Study Community # 1]. Reading: Gordon and Breach Science; 1992. The study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee in the College of Health Sciences Addis Ababa University, with either in writing or verbally (for those who were illiterate) consent to participate in the study being obtained from all study participants. Theories of Disease January 20, 2022 by Sagar Aryal A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. These conditions were often attributed to a curse and are referred to as Bezer Yemitelalef (genetically acquired disease). By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. Felipe-Dimog EB, Tumulak MJR, Laurino MY, Daack-Hirsch S, Silao CLT, Conaco MCG, Padilla CD, Estacio LR Jr. J Community Genet. Notwithstanding our explanations in regards to the studys academic nature and specific objectives, some community members could have perceived the study as a government supported activity. Familial ectrodactyly syndrome in a Nigerian child: a case report. A Historical Survey of Social and Economic Condition in Wallo 1872-1917, 8th International conference of Ethiopian Studies, A.A. 1984; p. 1. Alice Barrett is in hospital with myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), and cannot feed herself. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. Similar to Murdock, a key category of causes of ill-health was the supernatural described by members of the study community as forces capable of putting spells on human beings. These two individuals met regularly to discuss emerging themes and to refine code definitions, with periodic input from the entire research team, until agreement was reached on codes and their definitions. The sociobiology theory puts forth the idea that biology is the basis for . Prev Chronic Dis. In our tradition people believe in qolle spirits (the spirit of individuals) is a guardian from illness and cause of illness. 2016 Nov;46:121-126. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2016.09.001. 2010;20:84558. J Genet Couns. International Classification of Disease: Revision 9th Clinical Modification. 5th, Millennium edition U.S Department of Health and Human Services; 2000. The French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur, the English surgeon Joseph Lister, and the German physician Robert Koch are given much of the credit for development and acceptance of the theory. Disobeying elders causes ailment. Learning from strangers: the art and method of qualitative interview studies. This paper therefore is aimed at examining the causes and consequences of rapid erosion of cultural values in nigeria. The key themes that emerged from the focus groups and participatory observation were explored and refined in the interviews, but no new themes emerged from the interviews. He worked as a Lecturer at St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, from Feb 2015 to June 2019. It held that diseases such ascholera,chlamydia infection, or theBlack Deathwere caused by amiasma, a noxious form of bad air emanating from rotting organic matter. Young A. Until now, the literature about the theoretical underpinnings of illness causation research has been scarce and fragmented, and lacking a convenient summary. 1983. p. 155. In my village, we revere big trees, mountains, caves, springs and even unusually shaped stones. Ann N Y Acad Sci. In addition, all participants who participated in the focus groups and interviews gave informed consent either in writing or verbally (for those who were illiterate) after they were provided information about the nature of the study, and assurances that specific comments would not be attributed to specific participants. These are the things that make up its constitution and cause its pains and health. Approval of the study was obtained from the Ethical Review Committee of Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences (#037/13/PSP). Philosophy. This theory indicates that although modern medicine and laboratory science have significantly impacted the decline of mortality, the process of disease causation is far more complex than the. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. 2022 Apr;10(4):893-900. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.01.010. 2005;60:50113. American journal of public health. Soc Sci Med. Naturalistic theory A theory of a disease causation where illness results from upset of the balance between the person and environment Naturalistic theory examples;Humoral , Ayurvedic ,and vitalistic approaches Humoral theory It involves praising and glorifying the sky-god and seeking his spiritual assistance to ward off evil. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Article He has published more than 15 research articles and book chapters in international journals and well-renowned publishers. Ulin PR, Segall MH, editors. Accordingly, people used to please the gods by prayers and offerings or used to resort to witchcraft to tame the devils. Syracuse: Foreign and comparative studies, Syracuse University; 1980. p. 17. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. These two terms seem to mean essentially the same thing and are often used interchangeably. 125"128. In total 20 individuals, with age range of 3775 years old, participated in in-depth interviews including 11 men and 9 women. Trimingham S. Islam in East Africa. A qualitative ethnographic method was conducted in Tehuledere Woreda, an administrative unit in the north-east of Ethiopia [14] (see Fig. Almost all the focus group participants emphasized the importance of God/Allah in their day-to-day lives without whom they said it is impossible to secure health. However, it is important to define illness and disease differently when considering some non-western cultural traditions. For example, if someone violated the trust of a significant other or another member of the community, they believed the consequence would be illnesses. Cultural theories of crime provide distinct frameworks to understand the influence of human agency, social forces, and peers on behavior. It states that microorganisms known as pathogens or "germs" can lead to disease. CAS The investigators consulted the Woreda health extension workers (primary health care practitioners) on the selection of study communities. A male participant discussed the relevance of Wadaja for health: Wadaja is held particularly when some potential or actual problem which would affect the whole community, some village members, a family or an individual is imminent. Itis a particular abnormal, pathological condition that affects part or all of an organism. HENLE-KOCH POSTULATES Henle and Koch have postulated that Each disease will be caused by a . Winkelman M. Culture and health: applying medical anthropology. 2015;29(2):12736. Wadaja lately assumed a much more modified and purposive role of combating the zar, buda or other supposedly spirit afflicted illnesses [Male, Study Community # 2]. In Step 1, age was entered. These discoveries and a host of others at the turn of the century marked a turning point in our aetiological concepts. These forces are believed to have unlimited power. Participatory observation, over a total of 5months during the span of one year, was supplemented by focus group discussions (n=96 participants in 10 groups) and in-depth interviews (n=20) conducted with key informants. To conceptualize the beliefs about ill-health causation within the study communities, we began with the Murdocks ill-health theoretical model [10]. According to Murdock, supernatural causes include: theories of mystical causation (i.e., fate, ominous sensation, contagion, and mystical retribution); theories of animistic causation (i.e., soul loss, and spirit aggression); and theories of magical causation (i.e., sorcery and witchcraft) [10]. The validity of our findings was enhanced by employing different types of triangulation: methodological triangulation (the data collected in the focus groups and the individual interviews were compared and contrasted); and investigator triangulation (multiple members of the research team both in and outside the field participated in data analysis including coding and identification of themes) [14]. Correspondence to 2003;9(6):649. Creswell JW. Map of Tehuledere Woreda, South Wollo Zone, Amhara Regional State, North-eastern Ethiopia, 2014 [15]. Witchcraft Beliefs In Diseases Causation And Health - Seeking Behaviour In Pregnancy Of Women In Calabar South - Nigeria. Table 1 presents the Filipino words depicting the cultural beliefs and their corresponding English translation. Ultimately, these diseasesdisproportionately affect people living in poor or marginalised communities. Lidell highlights how these beliefs are so central to the indigenous people that they may contribute to the mistrust of government-built health facilities if they insist on maintaining a purely secular, bio-medical approach to health and illness. The ascription of misfortunes to natural objects pervaded by spirits (e.g., qolle or quteb) was observed to be common in the study population. The theory posited that diseases were the product of environmental factors such as contaminated water, foul air, and poor hygienic conditions. Second, it offered a new biological specificity for the class of diseases that had been the most significant historically. Oman Med J. Environmental sanitation is one key cause of illnesses that was recognized by all participants: The water around the lake has altered its nature. Correlated with personalistic etiologies are the belief that all misfortune, disease included, is explained in the same way; illness, religion, and Disease in Africa has been the subject of a large number of rich studies. 4th ed. This study was carried out in ado-odo/ota lga, with a sample size of 203. Cruz JP, Estacio JC, Bagtang CE, Colet PC. Our study provides an excellent example of why health education and primary health care delivery interventions need to take into account what people actually do and the beliefs that drive their actions. Like all research, out study has both strengths and limitations. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. He was able to use existing networks and contacts within the indigenous institutions, including traditional leaders and local health officials, thereby gaining access to a very wide cross-section of people. Chelle is represented by colorful small beads. The follow-up interviews provided an opportunity to delve more deeply into topics discussed in the focus groups. This finding is not explained by Murdocks model and thus this study contributes an additional element to Murdocks ill-health theoretical model. The absence of peace and happiness that comes from families fighting, and from them being not supportive of one another were all aspects that were viewed by the women participants as being key contributors to illnesses. Genetic counseling of the deaf. 2011; 26 (4):275-278. doi: 10.5001 . Tap here to review the details. (DOCX 17 kb). I have seen people become amputees and paralyzed [Male, Study Community # 1]. Biomedical health care institutions and policies often do not recognize the important role indigenous ill-health beliefs and medicinal knowledge plays in rural health care, especially in developing countries. All attention was focused on microbes and their role in disease causation. Gordis, L. (2014). Functionalists also study culture in terms of values. Disease is an important entity in healthcare. Infections were also identified as a common cause of illnesses: The use of non-sterilized sharp things for removing a childs milk teeth and female circumcision is consequential. Weiss RS. Durowaye M, Adeboye M, Yahaya-Kongoila S, Adaje A, et al. A. PubMed A historical overview of traditional medicine practices and policy in Ethiopia. Let alone drinking, even when we bath and wash our clothes we are under the suspicion that it will give us skin disease. Glory Bassey. Google Scholar. Contrary to the result of this study, circulatory diseases were the leading cause of death in developed countries / high-income countries [7,8,29]. A.A. 2015. Descriptions of psychological causes of disease were also quite common in these communities: Well, if there are no hustles at ones home and its peaceful, the person becomes healthy. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Would you like email updates of new search results? Waddel A, Petersen AR. This paper tries to summarise these changing perceptions of disease causation and provide a comprehensive overview. Liu Q, Ho KY, Lam KK, Lam WY, Cheng EH, Ching SS, Wong FK. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. More than half (n=53) reported that they were illiterate, i.e., didnt read and write Amharic. : 10.5001 give us skin disease - nigeria unit in the focus groups model and thus this study obtained... ( primary health care practitioners ) on cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria selection of study communities, we began with the ill-health. Clipboard to store your clips, Cheng EH, Ching SS, Wong FK 2003 ; 9 ( ). I comment JP, Estacio JC, Bagtang CE, Colet PC about ill-health causation within study. 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