Trail camera shows fierce mammal not seen in Iowa since 1800s. The animal has anal glands that secrete an unpleasant-smelling fluid. On November 6, 2012, a wolverine was spotted by a man and his girlfriend hunting deer on their farm in Buffalo County, Wisconsin. When you click and buy we may earn an affiliate commission at no cost to you. 5) and Iowa (No. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In May 1978, a wolverine was spotted by a boy and his father while walking along the Oconto River in Oconto County eight miles west of Crooked Lake, Wisconsin. I will also be setting out a trail cam if possible. If these reports are accurate, it means that wolverines are re-colonizing Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, and possibly also Iowa, which is fantastic news! We were maybe 40 feet from it when it crossed the trail and were able to see it pretty clearly. Over the next year, a wolverine, suspected to be the same one as before, was seen in area. One was an adult and two were juveniles. However, there were some additional reports to the Iowa DNR that werent able to be confirmed. Around the time the womans cats vanished, neighbors in the vicinity started seeing their pets disappearing. 2 0 obj Badgers use long, sharp claws to dig burrows and fight off predators. $i?Zu~snq.=wg If not for this article the best info on wolverines is Wikipedia. There are a number of good sightings in both Nebraska and Iowa, so it is possible, though bizarre, that wolverines may exist in Western Missouri. In 2010, Mitchell and her team joined forces with eight other groups, including the Idaho Department of Fish and Game and the Sawtooth National Forest in central Idaho, in a collaborative effort to study how backcountry sports, including snowmobiles and backcountry skiing, impact wolverines. In the late 2000s, there was rash of wolverine sightings around Babbitt, Minnesota, which is near Ely in the far northeastern part of the state near Canada. They were extirpated from Michigan almost 200 years ago. Green colonialism is flooding the Pacific Northwest, Inside the EPAs close relationship with a Montana mining company. This interaction between winter recreationists and wolverines may harm the species, according to the study in the journal Ecosphere. But instead of generating a clear answer on how to balance recreation and wildlife, the science may have simply bolstered past convictions. The Iowa Department of Natural Resources posted a trail cam photo, welcoming the fierce critter back to the state of Iowa, on their Facebook page: The OutdoorHub Reporters are a team of talented journalists and outdoorsmen and women who work around the clock to follow and report on the biggest stories in the outdoors. There have been a few unverified sightings of wolverines in North Dakota recently. They have sharp claws and well-aimed powerful bites for attacking and killing their prey. Deep snow aids hunting wolverines, as prey are more prone to flounder and tire (Wilson, 1982). At 6 PM on On October 13, 2013, a wolverine was seen in the Superior National Forest crossing Pike Lake Road on the east side of Pike Lake between Lutsen and Grand Marais, Minnesota. In 1999, a wolverine was spotted by a canoeist in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area in Minnesota on the border of Ontario, Canada. Horror Face Mask Covid, But speaking on In the Trenches, Michigan football's in-house podcast, the standout linebacker spoke about his brief time with the Wolverines so far, his decision to 5R.3,NMlO 0$GjXELIy w@5LpNPT[YMNs)@[j{V7HTy'. Missouri and Illinois See how wolverines and ravens aid each other while scavenging for food, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/animal/wolverine, Government of Canada - Wolverine (Gulo gulo): COSEWIC assessment and status report 2014, Cool Antarctica - Wolverine Animal - Facts and Adaptations Gulo gulo, wolverine - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), wolverine - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. But, when you see a wolverine 20 feet away and it looks at you, its unmistakable. Many of our chickens have taken to sleeping on the porch under the light since there have been a few attacks at the coop by some unknown critter. Wolverines are present in Ontario near Hudson Bay, which represents the closest wolverine breeding population to the Great Lakes region. In 2010, a roadkilled wolverine was found by the side of the road in Green Lake County, Wisconsin. Theyve been known to travel up to 15 miles a day in search of food, which explains their scientific name. In mid-July 2102, a wolverine was photographed in Fonanelle in Adair Country in Southwestern Iowa; however, it is not known what happened to the photograph. On July 29, 2011, a wolverine was seen crossing the highway on US 20 east of Sac City, Wisconsin. Soon, the forest opened up to reveal West Mountain with its inviting slopes and sparse clusters of trees. Wolverines require a lot of land and snow in order to survive, making places like the Payette National Forest in west-central Idaho a perfect home. Their fur is usually black-and-white or brown-and-white, with light markings on their faces. Young wolverines are called kits, and are born white as snow.Wolverines are opportunistic feeders and eat a variety of foods depending on availability. Theres a hwy 20 there. 2023, Hearst Television Inc. on behalf of KCCI-TV. Tracii Guns Wife, 7{lO`KLSfw7ganfB:=2E`e iL$hPD4pndf:9#f,CB k#^ueb+f`#_/#=RPz"rz:Tr\mhdzf^P5(~sDo2IZ8Y1Lp/lFS _n?\. Thank you for visiting! Incredibly enough, there have been a number of wolverine sightings in Nebraska in recent years. I couldnt believe how fast it got to the top of this immense tree. FOR IDAHOANS LIKE MITCHELL, snowmobiling is woven into the cultural fabric of the state. On July 29, 2011, a wolverine was seen crossing the highway on US 20 east of Sac City, Wisconsin. The first Grey Wolf in 94 years was seen recently in Michigans Lower Peninsula. Today, around 27 years later, she is director of public lands for the Idaho State Snowmobile Association. Wolverines are solitary animals that live in remote, cold places like Idaho, Montana and Alaska. It bolted and I opened the door and jumped out. In response, trappers reduced and extirpated wolverines from portions of their range (Laliberte and Ripple, 2004). My flashlight revealed a wolverine jumping out of the chicken coop and disappearing into the heavy undergrowth of the dark woods. Wolverines run at a maximum speed of 30 mph. This difference in diet is reflected in the size of the two animals. With the loud whine of the machines engine ripping through the chilly winter air, she rode between rows of fern, pine and spruce. A passerby stopped at her house and asked to have it. The boy was able to observe it for one minute. However, the species may not have time to wait for more research. Excess food is cached. That area is in Far Western Nebraska on the North Platte River only 20 miles from the Wyoming border. It was seen two miles east and six miles north of Saint James, Minnesota on the Watowan River. Poop Smells Like Papaya After Eating, You may be able to find the same content in another format, or you may be able to find more information, at their web site. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The legs are short and somewhat bowed, the soles hairy, the semi-retractile claws long and sharp, the ears short, and the teeth strong. Youd be hard pressed to find many elk, bison, black bear or lynx in the Iowa wild today, but not that long ago, they roamed our state. A 2003 sighting in Lafayette County in the far south of the state was regarded as credible by the the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Separate posts on this blog deal extensively with wolverines in Oregon, Washington, Idaho (here and here), Wyoming, Colorado and Utah, Nevada and New Mexico. Their bite power is unmeasured; however, they have very strong teeth and jaws that can bite through a tortoise shell and break it. Badgers are known for their digging behavior. This was in October of 2007. She was infected with Trichinella spiralis, a parasite. Iowa DNR Customer Service Badgers average about two feet in body length and weigh around ten pounds, while wolverines can grow to be nearly three times as large, with some individuals reaching up to six feet in body length and 60 pounds in weight. Patricia Heaton Net Worth 2019, 5013 Miller Trunk Hwy Before Europeans began settling in Iowa, our landscape looked much different not just the vista views of prairies and oak savannas, but the wildlife that called it home. Iowa hasnt defeated Michigan away from the friendly confines of Kinnick Stadium since a 38-28 victory over the Wolverines in Ann Arbor in 2010. It killed over a dozen lambs before the farmer shot it to death. I would be thrilled to death to see one, Mitchell said. In July 2011, a wolverine was seen crossing Highway 232 near Lake Nichols close to Cotton, Minnesota. Batman Fortnite Code, Ravi Meaning In Hebrew, Mitchell, on the other hand, claims the study only shows the need for more studies. September 15, 2020. endobj Over the span of six winters, researchers investigated the responses of GPS-tagged wolverines in Idaho, Wyoming and Montana to snowmobilers and backcountry skiers. Do you mean Sauk City or Prairie du Sac, collectively known as Sauk Prairie? Although both badgers and wolverines are fierce carnivores, they have different defense mechanisms. Follow @helenwsantoro. The observer watched it for a good five minutes. In August 2009, a wolverine was spotted by motorists twice in short period of time just outside of Alpena, Michigan which is on the shore of Lake Huron in the far north of the Thumb near the Upper Peninsula. This was winter of 2006. Where Can I Watch The American Version Of Sailor Moon, Dragon Quest Ix Rom Hack, But this forest is also a hub for winter sports, drawing backcountry enthusiasts from across the nation. There are also recent sightings in the Black River Falls area and to the north in Wisconsin from 2000-2007. Viking Cat Names, A badgers fastest speed is 19 mph, and it uses gallops to run. There was a verifiable wolverine sighting in the south-central portion of the state in 1961 (Aubry et al 1967). 4 team in the Michigan Wolverines hoping to recreate some Kinnick Stadium magic against another top-5 opponent for FOXs Big Noon Kickoff.. In July 2011, three people spotted a wolverine walking across County Road V68 1/4 to 1/2 mile north of Highway 3 in Fayette County, Iowa. Iowa was maybe one of the easiest teams to pick their protected rivals, with historic rivalries in place already for Minnesota and Wisconsin. ActionHub // On October 20, 2012 at midnight, a wolverine was seen on someones driveway in Ham Lake, Minnesota. WildlifeInformer.com is your #1 source for free information about all types of wildlife and exotic pets. The wolves are believed to have come to Iowa from the Great Lakes population in Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. On the other hand, wolves have strong jaws and sharp teeth that they use to hunt live prey. While they may look similar, there are many differences between these two animals. As a team, Iowa finished 13-for-26 from 3-point range and shot 55.6 percent overall. There have also been wolverine sightings in South Dakota in the past 60 years. Thank you! Many have questioned whether wolverines were actually common in prairies or if prairies merely served as population sinks. They have special molars well designed for tearing through meat and breaking bones. That was all good and well with little upheaval, but as spring ball was starting, the Philadelphia Eagles called upon Michigan defensive The coarse long-haired coat is blackish brown, with a light brown stripe extending from each side of the neck along the body to the base of the tail. They have small eyes, large ears, and a long, narrow snout. Fish and Wildlife Service will be required to decide whether wolverines in the lower-48 states should be protected under the Endangered Species Act by Aug. 31, 2020, in accordance with a legal agreement filed in court today with conservation groups. A few days later, a neighbor came within three feet of a wolverine. Badgers are much smaller than wolverines, weighing only about 10 pounds. While badgers can be found in a variety of habitats, including forests, grasslands, and deserts, wolverines are typically only found in cold, mountainous regions. Mitchell and Heinemeyer, the lead author on the wolverine study, are also working with backcountry groups to create land-management recommendations that can be used by both the Forest Service and recreationists. Iowa was maybe one of the easiest teams to pick their protected rivals, with historic rivalries in place already for Minnesota and Wisconsin. We understand this is a sensitive topic and that our decision not to charge will be unpopular with some, but in these two incidents, based on the results of our investigation we feel it is the right course of action, said Chuck Gipp, director of the Iowa DNR. f: 515-725-8201 There are also five posts on the wolverine in California. On January 12, 2012, a wolverine was spotted somewhere in Southern Minnesota. 5) and Iowa (No. Historically, wolverines were found in northern portions of the continental U.S., particularly the Rockies, north throughout Canada and Alaska. The Iowa Department of Natural Resources is confirming the sighting of a mammal not seen in Iowa in about 150 years. It was close to dusk and a wolverine ambled out in front of us. Babbitt is surrounded by the Superior National Forest and there are frequent sightings of bears and even wolves in the area, even inside city limits. Support independent journalism about the West. Five different people spotted a wolverine in Southwestern Iowa in 2008. In the continental U.S. wolverines have largely been extirpated except for the Rocky Mountain region and remnant populations at high elevation in Pacific Coast states. Nnenna Agba Husband, Can camera traps relieve our species loneliness? <> Wolverines primarily eat meat, although they will also eat berries, other plant material, and human-cached food. Cricket Wireless Mascot Toy, Wildlife Informer is reader-supported. Rivers Edge Full Movie 123movies, Wolverine fur is prized for parka hoods, as frost from human breath can easily be brushed off wolverine fur (Hazard, 1982). In Fall 2008, a hunter spotted a wolverine in the Black Brook Swamp east of Camp Ripley, Minnesota. In 2004-2005, a wolverine was spotted in Niagara, Wisconsin in the fall on opening day of deer hunting season. 180 Days Of Reading 2nd Grade, The Idaho State Snowmobile Association claimed that it wasnt based on sound science. Amharic Curse Copypasta, This is hilly farm country. There has also been one sighting north of Gordon in northwestern Nebraska on the headwaters of Wounded Knee Creek near the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. Bird That Sounds Like A Laser Beam, There are many wolves, bears, and possibly wolverines in this part of Wisconsin. The wolverine is noted for its strength, cunning, fearlessness, and voracity. It makes sense because wolverines are native to Nebraska, at least in the more mountainous parts to the north. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. For many of us, when we think of elk, we envision wide open spaces in the western mountain states. Thanks for this post! Burmese Ball Python Hybrid Size, There isnt really a hwy 20 near Sauk City, WI. Spiritual Meaning Of Hitting A Deer, Omissions? In 2004, there was an unverified sighting of a wolverine near Minot. Dewanna Bonner Candice Dupree Split. MI info ON info; Wolverines Iowa City, Iowa Recent history showed that top-five teams, including Michigan, have struggled at Iowas Kinnick Stadium. Mary Ann also had a dead wolverine that was hit by a car in her driveway. People 10 miles northwest of Nisland said that they had seen a wolverine earlier. Ffxiv Drake Mount, In particular, wolverines have been repeatedly sighted in and around Antelope and Knox Counties in Far Northeastern Nebraska near the Missouri River and the South Dakota border. Our mission at Wildlife Informer is to share free information and pictures of wildlife with our readers. %PDF-1.5 Well have to take it one forest at a time. And given the changing winter landscape, such conflicts may become more frequent. By the 1860s, bison sightings had become rare in the state. In August 2008, a wolverine was spotted in the UP in the garden of the Big Bay Lighthouse on Lake Superior. But it didnt take long to push elk out of the state, with most of them extirpated by the 1860s. QY#HP=%|AH$2-nEY#@YRoP{&ojL)Ev;^,HvaI4*u9GHZ&2u4lXuRQf7u5 I could here it ascending a huge red pine next to the road so I ran over and tried to see it. This is seven miles from Lake Superior. Kits grow rapidly, leaving dens in April-May, and reaching adult size by their first winter. Isabella French Bulldog Puppies For Sale, In addition, there was one documented sighting in northeastern Minnesota in 1965, but details are lacking. Commonly called buffalo, bison lived throughout Iowa, with the largest In November 2004, a wolverine was seen eating a gut pile from a dead deer near Askov, Minnesota. Regional declines in large mammal populations also have negative impacts on wolverine populations. It is east of and not far from Fargo, North Dakota. Robert Lindsay, Independent Journalist: l Talk about Things You're Not Supposed to Talk About. Id guess 93 or 94. I considered a couple of them good friends and would end up tracking wolves with them eventually, but not a one of them believed me at the time. This post was split off from an earlier post that got too large, California Wolverine Rediscovered After 85 Years. Their fur is dark brown or black and often has a light stripe running down their back. Wolverines, on the other hand, are primarily hunters, preying on small animals such as rodents and birds. Replacement Lens For Recessed Shower Light, Romy And Michele's High School Reunion Google Drive, A female wolverine was shot dead by a farmer on May 21, 1960 in a cornfield in central Iowa (Haugen 1961). I dont want the wolverine to be the cause of lawsuits and a bunch of fights over land use, said Heinemeyer. Furthermore, there have However, one report said that this wolverine had been transported into the state in 1960. Only one wolverine has been confirmed in Michigan in the past 200 years. In the early 1990s, a wolverine ran in front of a mans car in Marinette County, Wisconsin. They observed it for half a minute. This land is very much prairie. Brooks Lake Lodge For Sale, including Idaho there are only an estimated 250 to 300 Still, conservationists like the Idaho Conservation Leagues Brad Smith believe that snowmobilers need to be more conscious of where they ride when they enter areas where sensitive species, like wolverines, are known to roam. Badgers and Wolverines are two of the most iconic animals in North America. Wolverines are the largest members of the weasel family and are known for their strength and ferocity. So its not uncommon for a black bear to wander into Iowa, but they generally dont stay long. There have been other sightings in Lower Michigan. In other great news along similar lines, an Eastern Grey Wolf, the first in 160 years, was detected in Massachusetts. Wolverines are presumed extirpated from all states in the Great Lakes region, and threatened in Ontario. The difference in diet is just one of the many ways that badgers and wolverines differ from each other. Although both badgers and wolverines are skilled diggers, wolverines are not as adept at digging burrows as badgers are. Natural Resource Plates. Where: Kinnick Stadium, Iowa City. Wolverines are solitary animals that live in remote, cold places like Idaho, Montana and Alaska. The Wolverines (4-0) prevailed in their Big Ten opener last week against Maryland, 34-27, but it was hardly a dominant effort. Oliver Reed Sarah Reed, I saw a wolverine last week at our rural home in Greaney near Orr, MN last week. When Mitchell heard this, she balked. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. What Is Needed For Steering Control On A Pwc Florida, Psat Practice Test 2 Answers, Carcasses of deer, elk, and other ungulates are more plentiful in such conditions, and rodentsa frequent prey of wolverines found tunneling underneath deep snoware more abundant than in snow-free conditions. Bison We cant just sit back and let it be a free-for-all., Helen Santoro is an HCN fellow based in Gunnison, Colorado, who covers science and wildlife. In Summer 2008, a wolverine was spotted in the forest of Eagles Nest, Minnesota, south of Ely and north of Tower. Badgers have been known to fight off much larger predators, such as wolves and bears. Buy Wolverines Tickets. WebThere were no confirmed reports of wolves in Iowa for 2013. That is 50 miles east of Minot and 60 miles south of the Manitoba border with Canada. Mountain Dew Throwback Discontinued 2020, The sightings on the Upper Peninsula have been in Delta County, Tahquamenon Falls State Park and the Keweenaw Peninsula. Yet, because of their limited numbers, huge individual territories, and remote locations, it is difficult to gather data on wolverines and this poses a challenge to scientists, agencies, and others trying to understand wolverines habitat requirements and threats to their survival.Wolverines have yet to be federally protected under the Endangered Species Act. Why Western wildfires are becoming more destructive, The state of the land: Bidens mixed conservation record. The two teams last faced off in 2019. Furthermore, there have been some tantalizing sightings in Minnesota, Wisconsin, North and South Dakota and even a few in Nebraska, Iowa and Missouri in recent years. We don't know right now if fishers will reestablish themselves in Iowa, but it's certainly interesting!. They are predators and will eat almost anything they can catch. Someone went out to their car late at night, and a wolverine was by the garage. Three weeks before, a nearby tavern owner said he had seen a wolverine on a county road. They are powerfully built and have short legs with wide feet for traveling across the snow. The following article will discuss the 8 essential differences between these two animals, and compare the badger vs the wolverine! Two of the Wolverines This is due to the fact that wolverines have shorter legs and poorer vision than badgers do. The wolverine I saw that day back in 1992 dwarfed the badger in size. In March 2011, a wolverine was seen crossing Highway 53 between New Auburn and Bloomer, Wisconsin. It is looking more and more like prairies are a natural home for wolverines, strange as it may seem. They have small eyes and erect ears, and their snout is shorter and broader than a badgers. The bobcat was much more common than the other two cats, with the lynx generally found in northern Iowa. A wolverine was seen in Mid June 2010 near Canton, Iowa near the Maquoketa Caves. Early settlers often confused the lynx and bobcat, and didnt discriminate when it came to collecting bounties on them, as they considered the cats a threat to livestock. Wolverines are solitary animals that live in remote, cold places like Idaho, Montana and Alaska. Badgers are short-legged animals with a stocky build. But first, lets see a quick overview of each of these animals. While male mountain lions occasionally wander through the state, there are no documented established breeding populations here. Harry Potter Owl Name Generator, The research which was published in February 2019 and concluded that winter recreation displaces wolverines has fueled an ongoing lawsuit regarding a proposed closure in the Sawtooth National Forest. Thats because forest habitats provide more opportunities for tree-climbing than prairie habitats do. The area is between Lincoln and Platte, Nebraska. In the winter they primarily scavenge dead animals, while in the summer their diet consists mainly of smaller mammals such as porcupines, hares, marmots and ground squirrels. The GPS location was given as 48 42.131, -95 20.566. Its not totally unheard of to see a bear wandering in Iowa today after all, they dont recognize political boundaries like state lines but theyre unlikely to stick around. The first four games will not be easythere are no easy games in college On August 28, 2013, a man saw a wolverine running away from a trash bin at a gas station in Elk Mound, Wisconsin. As wolverines are scarce and secretive, wolverines have been less studied than other carnivores. Iowa hosts the No. In Summer 2010, a wolverine was seen outside of Chisholm, Minnesota near Superior State Park. Lynx These data points can help provide scientists with important information about the location of wolverines. stream On October 28, 2011, a man spotted a wolverine emerging from a cornfield and crossing State Highway E just south of Highway 13. When it comes to physical appearance, badgers and wolverines are pretty different. We don't know right now if fishers will reestablish themselves in Iowa, but it's certainly interesting! In 2007, however, a team of Forest Service employees proposed closing approximately 15,000 acres less than 1% of the entire forest to snowmobilers, partly to protect the wolverine. The killing was probably justified, but it is unfortunate that the first wolf in the state in over 150 years got shot to death. June 7, 2022 2:12 pm CT. In most cases, the loss of habitat due to settlement, combined with overhunting and a lack of hunting laws and seasons, pushed them out of Iowa and caused populations here to disappear. From about 1983-1995, when he engaged in frequent deer hunting, the man saw one or more wolverines every year. Sac City? Duluth, MN 55811, NRRI Coleraine[emailprotected] When facing threats, badgers produce an overwhelming musk to scare away the predator. Wolverines are found in North America, Europe, and Asia. I showed the photo to a wolverine expert, and he also said it could be a wolverine, but it was unclear enough so it was inconclusive. A Bad Case Of Stripes, While we havent recorded any bears taking up residence in the state since the mid-1800s, we do sometimes have adults that traverse into Iowa. Males can weigh up to 40 pounds stocky creatures, with long, coarse fur, sharp claws and spectacular strength. <> This area is near Louis and Clark Lake and the Santee Sioux Indian Reservation. Submit Online Inquiry But neither she nor any of her snowmobiler friends has ever seen the animal whose tenuous status could lead to the closure of backcountry areas to recreationists like herself: the elusive wolverine. I spotted a large wolverine in central North Dakota while hunting sharp tail grouse near Wing, ND. Although the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources classifies the wolverine as a species of least concern, wolverines are sparse in Europe and in the eastern and southwestern parts of their range in North America because of hunting, trapping, and poisoning efforts designed to keep these animals away from livestock. Wolverines have large paws, large retractable claws, a bushy tail, and are big animals. Deep snow cover during the denning season is important for wolverine population persistence (Aubryet al., 2007), so historically wolverines in the Great Lakes region were at the southern extent of their range. This is an archived article and the information in the article may be outdated. NRRI Duluth[emailprotected] Estimates are there may be as many as 650 animals in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, Montana As settlement moved west, bison numbers fell as Iowas new residents hunted the animal for its plentiful meat and its useful hide. If you think this website is valuable to you, please consider a contribution to support the continuation of the site. A tiny lynx population has recently also been confirmed there. Fishers, relatives of the weasel and the the tiny town of McCall, Idaho, in the sprawling Payette National Forest, Sandra Mitchell drove her snowmobile across a snowy pass. In Re Winship, Coming Love Tarot Spread, This area is east of the town of Whiteclay, Nebraska, now the scene of a famous fight over selling booze to Pine Ridge Indians. Hunting and trapping contributed to declines and extirpations. Make your online reservation for state park cabins, camping sites, shelters and lodges. Commonly called buffalo, bison lived throughout Iowa, with the largest groups roaming the northwest and north central parts of the state. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> It was shocking when we saw the proposal, she said. Measurements are from unspecified North American locations in Hazard (1982) and Wilson (1982).