(2007) observed that rather than natural selection, the simple long‐term effect of genetic drift could more readily explain the morphological variation seen in Neandertals and modern humans. 2012. heidelbergensis then disperses into Europe, Middle East, East Asia •First hominin to extensively populate Europe •last common ancestor of AMHS and … American Journal of Physical Anthropology. heidelbergensis sensu stricto refers to a European chronospecies of H. neanderthalensis while H. heidelbergensis sensu lato is considered to be an Afro-European species ancestral to modern humans and Neandertals.. Palaeoclimate variability in the Mediterranean and Red Sea regions during the last 500,000 years: implications for hominin migrations. Our results indicate that the Hexian teeth are metrically and morphologically primitive and overlap with H. ergaster and East Asian Early and mid-Middle Pleistocene hominins in their large dimensions and occlusal complexities. The partial mandible displays clear evidence of a mental eminence, indicating clear affiliation with modern H. sapiens. Revising the hypodigm of Homo heidelbergensis : A view from the Eastern Mediterranean. ———. 2008. Quaternary Science Reviews 30:1413–1419. A partial maxilla of a juvenile was also excavated from Xujiayao. Cladistics has frequently been used to address questions concerning hominin phylogenetics (e.g., Eldredge and Cracraft, 1980; Tattersall, 1986; Groves, 1989; Harrison, 1993; Kitching et al., 1998; Collard and Wood, 2000; Wood and Lonergan, 2008) and recently in archaeology (e.g., O'Brien and Lyman, 2003; Lycett, 2007). 2011). Tattersall rails against lumping all Middle Pleistocene taxa not readily allocated to H. erectus into H. sapiens, when he writes “[t]he ‘grade’… is one of the most destructive canards that paleoanthropology has ever seen fit to inflict upon itself: a meaningless and undefined concept, apparently leaning heavily on brain size, that can be used to entomb all kinds of morphological loose ends and thus eliminate the need to examine them” (Tattersall, 1986, p 173). Terrestrial apes and phylogenetic trees. Journal of Human Evolution 65:492–507. 2003. According to Coppens et al. Journal of Human Evolution 31:21–39. The implications of these findings are that contrary to previous conclusions (Ruff 1994), pelvic form appeared to have followed a pattern of largely neutral evolution like most human cranial dimensions (Betti et al. 200,000 years ago, … Major dry phases would have been guaranteed to produce greatly expanded Sahara and Kalahari deserts and unfavorable conditions for human habitation. Had Pu Dai, 8. OIS curves adapted from Klein (2009); dust-flux curves from Donges et al. Supplementary online materials 14 to Green, Richard E., Johannes Krause, Adria W. Briggs, Tomislav Maricic, Udo Stenzel, Martin Kircher, Nick Patterson, et al. Rightmire, G. Philip. Locality A is represented by a typical Early/Middle Pleistocene fauna (e.g., Hyaena brevirostris licenti and Meganterion sp. Middle to Late Pleistocene hominin occupation in the Three Gorges region, South China. Middle Pleistocene bifaces from Fengshudao (Bose Basin, Guangxi, China). (2013) present multiproxy data for the Mediterranean and Red Sea regions, two areas that were crucial for hominin dispersals from (and perhaps into) Africa during the last 500 kyr. To the east of the Qinling mountains, the region of eastern China is low‐lying, with much of the region less than 1,000 m above sea level (Norton and Jin, 2009; Norton et al., 2010a, b). Under a neutral model of evolution, most new mutations are lost to drift (especially in small or numerically stable populations). A more slender physique typified Omo I from Africa (Pearson et al. This could provide evidence that early modern humans had shifted to different niches than archaic humans and had experienced a substantial pulse of selection that tailored them for their new habits. 1991. Population changes across the Neanderthal-to-modern-human transition in western France: a reply to Dogandžić and McPherron (2013). Science 338:222–226. However, because of a well‐developed occipital torus and a pronounced supraorbital torus, characteristics similar to ZKD Locality 1 H. erectus, it may be possible the Yokpo hominin might be better allocated to the H. erectus taxon (Norton, 2000). Nevertheless, Rightmire (1998, p 218) observed more than a decade ago that “[i]t is apparent that the traditional approach of lumping diverse humans together as ‘archaic’ Homo sapiens will no longer work. Although the H. heidelbergensis holotype is a mandible with some apparent pathologies (Czarnetzki et al., 2003), similarities between it and other Middle Pleistocene mandibles (e.g., Arago 2, 13, and Tighenif 3) have been identified (Mounier et al., 2009). You are an artist, and a museum has hired you to reconstruct a Middle Pleistocene hominin in a sculpture for the museum's new human evolution exhibit. 2012. Detailed phylogenetic analysis of primate T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (PTLV-1) sequences from orangutans ( Pongo pygmaeus ) reveals new insights into the evolutionary history of PTLV-1 in Asia. Both are fraught with controversy.” Furthermore, Rightmire (2004, p 109) more recently noted that “[i]f Homo heidelbergensis is considered (sensu lato) to include populations from Africa as well as Europe, there is still some doubt in respect to the Far East.” Because of the paucity of recent syntheses of the eastern Asian Middle Pleistocene hominin fossil record, I suggest that Rightmire's observations are still relevant and worthy of more detailed investigation. The two primary conclusions drawn from this review are as follows: By continuing to browse this site, you agree to its use of cookies as described in our, I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of Use, Detecting genetic drift versus selection in human evolution, The expensive tissue hypothesis: the brain and digestive system in human and primate evolution, Evolutionary significance of cranial variation in Asian, Prehistoric archaeology of North Korea (1990), The human cranial remains from Gran Dolina Lower Pleistocene site (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain), New palaeontological assemblage, sedimentological and chronological data from the Pleistocene Ma U'Oi cave (northern Vietnam), The Pleistocene Ma U'Oi cave, northern Vietnam: palaeontology, sedimentology and palaeoenvironments, A comparative dental metrical and morphological analysis of a Middle Pleistocene hominin maxilla from Chaoxian (Chaohu), China, A hominid from the Lower Pleistocene of Atapuerca, Spain: possible ancestor to Neandertals and modern humans, Distance from Africa, not climate, explains within‐population phenotypic diversity in humans, The relative role of drift and selection in shaping the human skull, High‐resolution U‐series dates from the Sima de los Huesos hominids yields 600 + infinity/‐266 kyrs: implications for the evolution of the early Neanderthal lineage, The fate of the “classic” Neanderthals: a consideration of hominid catastrophism, Environment, tooth form and size in the Pleistocene, A non‐racial craniofacial perspective on human variation: A(ustralia) to Z(uni), Prehistoric and modern tooth size in China, The origin of modern humans: a world survey of the fossil evidence. Re-dating Changyang Cave in Hubei province, southern China. 2001. An average age for the Jinniushan archaic H. sapiens locality has also been pushed back to ∼260 ka (Chen et al., 1994; Lu, 2003; Rosenberg et al., 2006) and Maba back to ∼237 ka (Gao et al., 2007). 90 ka, while stone tools and fossil finds have hinted at an earlier, middle Pleistocene, hominin presence. Broadly speaking, eastern Asia can be topographically divided into two regions by the Himalayan and Qinling mountain ranges, which effectively run through western and central China. Weaver, Timothy D., Charles C. Roseman, and Chris B. Stringer. Neurocranial Trauma in the Late Archaic Human Remains from Xujiayao, Northern China. Jun et al. Some of the reconstructed lake levels (e.g., for Lake Malawi) do not closely follow the dust curves (fig. Late Pleistocene and Holocene drought events at Lake Tana, the source of the Blue Nile. Whether the term should be extended to samples and specimens further east in Asia is a matter of choice.” Even strong advocates of H. heidelbergensis (e.g., Rightmire, 2008) have had difficulty finding the justification to allocate the eastern Asian material to this taxon. This suite of Neanderthal features had become common in European hominins by OIS 5, including the specimens from Krapina and Saccopatore, and they became even more frequent in OIS 4–3. African Homo erectus: old radiometric ages and young Oldowan assemblages in the Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia. These artifacts include Mousterian products, which arguably provide first evidence for Neanderthals … Transitions or turnovers? 2013. 2), suggesting yet another layer of complexity in the climatic record.Figure 1. Metric analysis of the mesiodistal and buccal‐lingual measurements of the Ryonggok upper molars also generally fall within the range of modern humans (Fig. The skel-etal remains share a number of morphological features with fossils classified asHomo heidelbergensis and also display distinct Neanderthal-derived traits6–8. For example, presence/absence of a variety of cranial morphological traits (e.g., mental eminence, canine fossa, flattened nasal saddle, pronounced supraorbital tori, occipital bun, etc.) It is important to note that estimates of DNA divergence dates generally precede (often substantially) estimates of population divergence. Although the association between the dated speleothem section and the hominin fossils cannot be made with full degree of confidence, minimally, the Chaoxian hominin fossils should date to the Middle Pleistocene. The picture that emerges is one of human population history that was highly (although almost certainly not exclusively) contingent on climatic changes. 2010. To date, the Jinniushan hominin is the largest female that predates Holocene modern humans and falls within range of body size reconstructions from other Middle Pleistocene hominins (e.g., Boxgrove, Atapuerca) (Rosenberg et al., 2006). 7 is estimated to be 1,450 cm3. 2010. Here, we test the … 2012). 2012). A complete human pelvis from the Middle Pleistocene of Spain. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. Environmental and genetic data suggest that European hominins were primarily shaped by drift, while both factors operated in Africa. 2010) to estimates of 270–400 ka for the population (rather than DNA sequence) divergence time (Green et al. Chenjiawo, 4. American Journal of Human Genetics 82:1130–1140. However, the degree of postorbital constriction and thickness and concavity of the tympanic plate lie between H. erectus and modern H. sapiens. Betti, Lia, François Balloux, William Amos, Tsunehiko Hanihara, and Andrea Manica. 2013. Pp. These damaged but relatively complete adult specimens show a mixture of features associated both with Homo erectus and with 'archaic H. sapiens'. 2011. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 107:8910–8917. Hominins from Europe and Africa shed light on functional adaptations and other aspects of lifeways during the Middle Paleolithic. An examination of regional features on Middle and early Late Pleistocene sub-Saharan African hominids. -Dentition well-suited for tearing and biting with canines &. A more parsimonious approach may be to continue to refer to these hominins as archaic H. sapiens, and in terms of their regional variation, as Dali man and Maba man. 2011), although an extremely rare Y-chromosome haplotype from an African American man was recently reported that coalesces with other Y chromosomes at 338 ka (Mendez et al. I address this question further below. 2010. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 37:65–107. Les restes crâniens d’Omo-Kibish et leur classification à l’intérieur du genre Homo. 1, Yunxian, Hexian, and Ngandong) or modern H. sapiens (e.g., Tianyuandong, ZKD Upper Cave, and Ryonggok Cave)? The answer seems to be that climatic conditions did not favor a large, interconnected population in Africa between 125–ca. ropean Middle Pleistocene remains such as Stein-heim, Mauer of course, and Ceprano. Within this count, ten axes were discovered, eighteen scraping tools were uprooted, one steel chisel tool (for … 1990, the number of distinct hominin taxa has almost doubled), it would seem that he maintains the same negative opinion of the designation “archaic H. sapiens.” Indeed, Tattersall and Schwartz (2008, p 54) concluded recently that “it is evident that virtually all of those hominid fossils whose exact historical significance has been obscured by their assignment to the all‐embracing wastebasket of ‘archaic Homo sapiens,’ in fact belonged to an array of separate biological entities, none of them evidently closely affiliated to living Homo sapiens.” In Tattersall's view, these different Middle Pleistocene taxa should be classified as distinct species. The arrows in figure 3 extend the analyses of Blome et al. New York: Academic Press. Activity, climate, and postcranial robusticity: implications for modern human origins and scenarios of adaptive change. The adaptive significance of Eskimo craniofacial morphology. As an extension of these studies, some Chinese scientists (e.g., Chen et al., 1994) interpreted this supposed chronological overlap as support for the multiregional continuity model of modern human origins. An early modern human from Tianyuan Cave, Zhoukoudian, China, Mass spectrometric U‐series dating of Chaoxian hominid site at Yinshan, Eastern China, Which cranial regions reflect molecular distances reliably in humans? Interestingly, the Dali and Jinniushan crania displayed the same degree of encephalization as other members of the H. heidelbergensis hypodigm. Early Upper Paleolithic man and late Middle Paleolithic tools, Using the uranium method to investigate important Palaeolithic dates in northern China, Uranium series dating of fossil bones from the Hexian and Chaoxian human fossil sites, Paleolithic chronology and possible coexistence of, A comparison of genetic and phenotypic correlations, Problems of studies of North Korean Paleolithic cave sites, Paleolithic cave sites and culture in Northeast Asia. Stiner, Mary C. 2013. In another study, Rightmire (2004) showed that H. heidelbergensis was significantly more encephalized than H. erectus. The thickness of the Xujiayao parietal fragments is within the range of H. erectus (Jia et al., 1979; Wu, 1980; Pope, 1992; Wu and Poirier, 1995). © 2013 by The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. Both African and European Middle Pleistocene hominins tended to be medium to tall in stature (Carretero et al. Quaternary Science Reviews 25:2651–2665. Fortunately, the recent studies by Roseman, Weaver, and colleagues (e.g., Roseman, 2004; Roseman and Weaver, 2004; Harvati and Weaver, 2006a, b; Weaver et al., 2007, 2008; Weaver and Roseman, 2008) that examine the relationship between cranial morphology and neutral genetic variation have begun to shed light on the subject (see also recent studies by Betti et al., 2009, 2010; Smith, 2009; von Cramon‐Taubadel, 2009a, b). (2011); dust-flux data after Donges et al. Bristol, UK: Western Academic & Specialist Press. Current Anthropology 47:597–620. Premo, L. S., and Steven L. Kuhn. Bräuer, Günter. 2010; Trauth, Larrasoaña, and Mudelsee 2009). Records of dust flux from deep-sea cores such as ODP 721/722 in the Arabian Sea and ODP 659 off of the coast of Mauritania can serve as proxies for precipitation in East Africa and the western Sahel and southern Sahara (deMenocal 2004; Trauth, Larrasoaña, and Mudelsee 2009). Current observations of the early Late Paleolithic in Korea. Paleoclimatic records provide insights into why at least some of the morphological and genetic evolution may have occurred. In contrast, the mandibular dentition of Jebel Irhoud 3, a juvenile late archaic hominin from Morocco dating to 160 ka with affinities to modern humans (Hublin 2001; Hublin and Tillier 1981), preserves evidence of a slower, modern pace of dental development (Smith et al. Our own taphonomic studies of the faunal remains from the archaic H. sapiens Xujiayao site in northern China (Norton and Gao, 2008a) support the argument that these hominins were efficient predators. Mesial‐distal/buccal‐lingual measurements for upper M1 (UM1) and upper M2 (UM2) Ryonggok human fossils (see Table 2 for raw data) compared with Holocene Chinese and different hominin taxa [MD along X axis; BL along Y axis; data for Holocene Chinese from Brace et al. Meat and cooked foods are softer and easier to chew, thus leading to less pressure placed on the overall masticatory apparatus. 1990. My own reading of the admittedly sparse North Korean literature indicates that North Korean paleoanthropologists refer all hominin fossils not clearly H. erectus or modern H. sapiens to H. sapiens neandertalensis. Britain, in particular, seems to have been abandoned with each major glacial advance and then reoccupied, at least as long as a land bridge connected it to the continent (Stringer 2006). I have argued elsewhere (Norton et al., 2010a, b) that the low‐lying region of eastern China would have served as a corridor where cold‐adapted faunas would have migrated southward during stadials and warm‐adapted taxa northward during interstadials. 2011. 2007). Neanderthals may have only rarely experienced periods of population growth and range expansion. Dali is an open‐air locality situated on the third terrace of the Lohe River located in Shaanxi Province, which is in the Chinese Loess Plateau (Wu and Poirier, 1995). In this paper, I argue that climate and population genetics are linked. 1986. However, the Maba cranial walls are thinner than H. erectus. 2012). Although Harrison (1993) rightly cites the integrity of the fossil data as a major hindrance in hominin phylogenetic reconstructions using cladistics methods, other problems do exist. In this article, I review the current state of the late Middle Pleistocene hominin fossil record from eastern Asia and examine the various arguments for assigning these hominins to the different specific taxa. Analysis of autosomal DNA indicates a divergence time between modern human and Neanderthal populations of 270–440 ka (Reich et al. 2; Kim et al., 1985). For Africa, then, the dust-core and genetic data suggest that selection may have been important from 600–400 ka, but periods of drift had more potential to be the dominant influence thereafter. Their skulls display strong supraorbital tori above projecting faces, flattened frontals, and less parietal expansion than is the case for Homo sapiens . 1982. Shizishan is represented by two low‐lying limestone hills that has many cave entrances and a complicated network of naturally formed tunnels that stretch for several hundred meters at least. Pope (1992, p 269) notes that overall, the Xujiayao materials “present a combination of characters of less developed ectocranial superstructures (a reduced occipital torus, reduced occipital angulation, reduced parietal curvature, and expanded cerebellar fossae) in conjunction with greater general robusticity in some specimens (thick cranial bones and large dentition) and probably more marked sexual dimorphism than is generally seen in modern populations.” The importance of the Xujiayao material is that we are in a better position to understand the degree of morphological variation within a population from a single spatiotemporal point. A uniquely modern human pattern of endocranial development: insights from a new cranial reconstruction of the Neandertal newborn from Mezmaiskaya. These results are exciting and motivate one to take a closer look at some of the recent genetic advances. Evolutionary Anthropology 17:22–37. Journal of Human Evolution 55:421–437. However, Jinniushan has also been determined to be a female, based on the morphology of the pubis which displays a subpubic concavity and the “medial aspect of the ischiopubic ramus [which] is ridged rather than flat” (Rosenberg et al., 2006, p 3552). Yokpo Daehyundong hominin fossils. New York: Springer. Distance from Africa, not climate, explains within-population phenotypic diversity in humans. The Liu et al. 2008. In 1984, a partial hominin skeleton was discovered during excavations at Jinniushan, a karst fissure/collapsed cave site located in Liaoning Province, northeastern China (Lu, 1989, 2003; Wu and Poirier, 1995; Rosenberg et al., 2006). The Jinniushan skeletal collection comprises a more or less complete cranium (fragmentary, but undistorted) and ∼50 assorted partial and complete postcranial elements. Archaic human remains from Hualongdong, China, and Middle Pleistocene human continuity and variation. If the Sima de los Huesos dates to 500–600 ka (Bischoff et al. The Ma U'Oi teeth were assigned to archaic H. sapiens for the following reasons (Demeter et al., 2004, 2005). 1. 3). In Aspects of human evolution. Martinón-Torres, María, José María Bermúdez de Castro, Aida Gómez-Robles, Leyre Prado-Simón, and Juan Luis Arsuaga. Homo heidlebergensis). As a case in point, Blome et al. Ultimately however, despite the strengths of cladistic analyses, it is important to keep in mind that identifying species groupings should be seen “as an initial step in a cladistic analysis,” rather than “as a method to identify species groupings” (Harrison, 1993, p 362). The nature of the Early to Late Paleolithic transition in Korea: Current perspectives. Although there are several sites close each other representing the European Middle Pleistocene hominin record, the fossils from those sites conform two big groups of morphological traits (apart from the Neandertals < 200 Ka): A group represented by Sima de los Huesos, Swanscombe and now Aroeira 3 which show Neandertal traits in the face, supraorbital torus, temporal bone and … Journal of Human Evolution 62:300–313. Indeed, Lieberman (2008, p. 56) observes that “[s]kulls are complex, strongly integrated structures characterized by high levels of covariation among multiple structures, even in different regions such as the face, basicranium, and neurocranium.” A well‐known example of this is the long‐term influence on cranial morphology of a diet that relies more heavily on meat and cooked foods (including meat) (Aiello and Wheeler, 1995; Wrangham et al., 1999). 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